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Topics Covered: Classical Approaches      Realism     Idealism  The Scientific Revolution     Behavioralism     System Approach  Liberalism and Neo-Liberalism  Post-Modernism      Critical Theory       Feminism      Constructivism Classical Approaches of IR Classical Approaches to IR Realism is first and main school of thought in security studies which takes nation states as primary units in IR.  Realism’s roots can be traced back to ancient Greece and Thucydides (460 BC-395 BC).  Realist holds a state centric view that the state is an autonomous and most important actor of international politics.  States are rational unitary actors-each moving towards/seek their own national interest as it guarantees national survival.   The state behaves morally and in accordance with its population’s values.  Realism is most concerned with power, and says power i...

Topics Covered: Definition and Scope of IR  The Nation-State System The Evolution of International Society Definition and Scope of IR  The term “International” relations was coined by Jeremy Bentham which appeared in his book Principles of morals and legislation in 1789.  The field of International Relations dates from the time of the Greek historian Thucydides.  The Ancient Sumerian city-sates started in 3500 BC, as the first fully-fledged international system.  The modern International Relations based on sovereign states dates back to peace of Westphalia of 1648.  IR is an academic discipline that focuses on the study of the interaction of state and non-state actors in international politics.  IR is a discipline, which tries to explain political activities across state boundaries, said, Trevor Taylor.  The scope of IR is in constant flux; indeed, IR is a field whose fluctuation is one of its principle characteristics, said, Stanley Hoffman. IR t...

  Kashmir Issue 2024 Areas Covered: Background/History  UN Resolutions on Kashmir India - Pakistan Wars on Kashmir India - Pakistan agreements / pacts on Kashmir Post 5 August 2019 Scenario  Indian Citizenship Act Kashmir Elections The Kashmir issue is a long-standing dispute between Pakistan, India and China. It started in October 1947, when Raja Hari Singh, the ruler of Jammu and Kashmir, declared the controversial accession of the princely state of Kashmir to India. The accession was against the wishes of the people living in the vast territory of over two hundred thousand square kilometres. This forceful accession of Muslim-majority area to India was immensely protested by the local people. India resorted to force to curb the voices of three million people in Jammu and Kashmir, in the First Kashmir War (1947-1949). However, the UN intervened in the matter, after it was approached by Pakistan and India. The UN Security Council issued Resolution (47) in 1948 and ask...

Mera Jism Meri Marzi VI. Status of Women in Pakistan Topics Covered: ▪ Status of Women’s health in Pakistan ▪ Status of Women in Education  ▪ Women and Employment  ▪ Women and Law ▪ Status of Women’s health in Pakistan (2024) Status of Women's health in Pakistan What is status of women’s health in Pakistan? How it could be improved within the available economic resources? Health is a state of complete mental, physical, and social well-being and does not mean the mere absence of disease or infirmity. The progress and development of nations are interlinked with the health of women. If the women are healthy, they will have healthy children and they may be in a position to take care of the entire family. Pakistan, despite many national and international commitments, has failed to uplift the poor health conditions of women. Following indicators shows the actual state of women’s health in Pakistan: Statistics of women's health issues in Pakistan The status of women health can be...

  Gender and Development V. Gender and Development  Gender Analysis of Development Theories: 1.  Modernization Theory (to gender equality) Modernization theory states that, modern societies are more productive, children are better educated, and the needy receive more welfare. It, further states that development in the developing countries can be attained by following the processes of development that are used by currently developed nations (Rostow, 1960). Rostow said that development is a phased process. So, he developed a five-stage model of the economic development that will be applied to all the countries specially the third world countries, 1) traditional society, 2) precondition for takeoff, 3) the takeoff process, 4) the drive to maturity, and 5) high mass consumption society. Modernization Theory  blames internal cultural factors for women’s subordination in the developing world. It is argued that some traditional cultures, and especially the religiou...